Gender Inequality Within The Workplace - 1724 Words

What is the root of feminism? There are many things that will anger you in life and getting played less than a man for the same job is one of them. Women are capable of getting a job, but we still fall behind due to unequal wages between women and men for the same duties. Gender inequalities are a huge factor in the workplace. There is a lot of tension when it comes to women being over worked. The amount of responsibilities that women have, from work to home and everything in between, is ridiculous and it is all based on the gender roles that society has developed. Lastly, what really triggers feminism is the world expecting all women to portray themselves as sex objects and then to getting criticized for it. Understanding sex, gender, how they link together and the input of society clarifies why women a treated this way. A persons sex is a biological trait. A human being will contain this trait form birth. Society uses sex to categorize people. A human being will either belong in the female or the male categories; a decision that will be made based on chromosomes, genitalia or some other physical ascription. Furthermore, there needs to be a discussion of gender if there is going to be a discussion of sex . Gender depends on the roles of individual take based on their sex . The roles that a certain sex has depend on how society has shaped and defined sex . There are also cultural roles that are applied to male and female. GenderShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality Within The Workplace1379 Words   |  6 Pages  Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. It arises from differences in socially constructed gender roles as well as biologically through chromosomes, brain structure, and hormonal differences. There is a natural difference also in the relative physical strengths of the sexes. In the workplace Income disparities linked to job stratification Wage discrimination exists when workers are equally qualified and perform the same work butRead MoreGender Inequality Within The Workplace Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesmovement of promoting gender equality is exponentially growing every year; however, gender inequality is still a persistent problem in today’s workforce. Each year, gender inequality, especially employment equity, the distinct barrier between genders in the workforce, has become a topic of contention as its affecting working individuals worldwide, especially women. Before examining this problem, we must further understand what gender inequality is in the workplace. Gender inequality is an ascriptive factorRead MoreGender Inequality Within The Workplace1323 Words   |  6 Pagesalways been praised for freedom and equality. However, there is a notable area of inequality in the workforce: the gender pay gap. In the Unites States, a woman makes, on average, a mere 78 cents to the dollar earned by a man. This statistic has remained steady and has only seen a small 18 cent increase in the past few decades. A majority of the wage gap is due to unsound social biases. Because gender inequality in the workforce is fueled by complex factors such as biases, it requires a complexRead MoreGender Inequality Within A Workplace2144 Words   |  9 PagesAlthough over time it is clear to see that gender inequality is becoming a smaller problem in today’s society, it must also be noted that it does still exist, even in the most developed parts of the world. The UNDP, 1997 in its Human Development report, stated that ‘no society treats its women as well as its men’ and to some extent this is true. However, in this essay I will be discussing different opinions and related studies in order to come to a conclusion regarding the truth behind this commentRead MoreGender Inequality Within The Workplace Essay1209 Words   |  5 PagesGender Inequality in the Workplace The generation now has made it easier to equalize men and women but there is still a substantial amount of places where gender inequality is still happening in the workplace and where females still face discrimination. Women are often discriminated in the workplace and are usually not promoted as quickly as men are and they also receive less pay. History shows that women have not always been defined as property and thought of as second class citizens. But inRead MoreGender Inequality Within The Workplace1469 Words   |  6 PagesGender inequality in the workplace has always existed, but I don t know that you could say it s getting worse, you could say that it is spreading to new fields as they are coming into existence. The STEM fields we have today such as, Cyber Security, Cyber Gaming, and Nanotechnology are still very young fields but gender inequality has still managed to take a foothold in these new fields. This is probably the best place to start the movement toward equality because many of these fields simply relyRead MoreAchieving Gender Inequality Within The American Workplace Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagespercentages of women in leadership roles will help secure gender inequality within the American workplace which is currently not present. In the workplace it can be especially difficult for women to reach positions of great power because they’re often targets of discrimination and disrespect. In the essay Lean In: What Would You Do If You Weren’t Afraid? Sheryl Sandberg gave us her experience of her feeling this gender discrimination at her workplace. Sandberg that she was listening to a guest of honorRead MoreGender Inequality Within A Competitive Athletic Workplace870 Words   |  4 Pages101 December 9, 2015 Gender Inequality What are the types of gender inequality in this world? Inequality is when there are two things that are not the same. For example, antonyms, they are when two objects don t have similar qualities. This means there are differences between the two. It can be beneficial or very discriminating. The definition for gender inequality is the unequal treatment, or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. Gender inequality is between the male andRead MoreGender Discrimination And The Workplace1356 Words   |  6 Pages2.1 Introduction For many decades now it has been said that there has been inequality in the workplace, it has been a major issue in the workplace in terms of women not being allowed to have certain jobs as well as in terms of women not being promoted within the workplace which all contributes to women being paid less than men. According to Ryan and Branscombe (2013), gender discrimination has been defined as the differential treatment members of one group receive compared to another by many socialRead MoreGender Inequality In Australia Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesdominant partner, who belongs primarily to the public sphere. These historic gender norms have been deeply imbedded within Australia’s social foundation, and although society has gradually shifted away from these roles, evidence suggests that this gender inequality still riddles the modern day workplace. Liberal feminist groups have embraced this issue, and have classified it as being a true barrier to achieving the ultimate gend er equality goal. Consequently, these liberal feminists along with general

Should the Chinese Government Ban the Internet Censorship Free Essays

Qing Yuan ESL114 Section G Ryan Salvador May 3, 2012 Should the Chinese government ban the internet censorship? Since the birth of internet, people have been bombarded with different kind of information every day. Internet is a network that connects the data of different private computer networks and organizational computer groups from people or organizations around the world (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). As a result, people are looking forward to having access to any kind of websites of their interest, and receiving the latest information about what is happening around their countries or around the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Should the Chinese Government Ban the Internet Censorship? or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, things cannot be as perfect as expected. It is noticed by many people that many countries have set barriers to the internet in their own areas. China, which has the largest population of web users among the world, has created the most advanced surveillance system for internet monitoring (Rohde, 2011). The system is known as â€Å"Great Firewall†Ã¢â‚¬â€also called â€Å"the Golden Shield Project†, and is designed to sift out pornography and commercial frauds, but simultaneously blocks certain search terms for the government’s own purposes (McDonald, 2012). However, nobody is satisfied to be a frog in a well which can only perceive scenario above the wellhead but nothing beyond. So the internet censorship has provoked a fierce controversy in the society. Many people including some groups of experts argue for humans’ equal rights to know true and latest resources of information around them. The Chinese government should no longer conduct their censorship program because every person has the right and freedom to know what is going on around them. If the Chinese government insists on this project, people would be trapped in a vicious cycle because the continuity of information blocks would affect the next generation which doubles its effect on people’s ignorance and it would do nothing but fool its own people. First, in China, people’s words online are carefully inspected which means people do not have the freedom to say what they want, but rather only what are permitted by the Chinese government. According to a study by the Language Technologies Institute at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, more than 16 percent of all messages which are posted by web users in China are considered â€Å"unqualified† and get deleted (McDonald, 2012). The Chinese government explained to the media that the â€Å"Great Firewall† sifted out words or names that it evaluates as politically odorous. However, due to the matter of fact, it is not that reasonable, but rather private contains emotions of the government. For example, Sina Weibo, a most popular micro blogging site in China whose users surpassed 300 million, is required to inspect those bloggers whose have more than 100,000 followers (McDonald, 2012). If there are any posts that disobey the government’s rules must be deleted within five minutes. â€Å"295 terms with a high probability of being censored,† said the Carnegie Mellon team. So words like â€Å"Tibet†, â€Å"Dalai Lama†, â€Å"Ai Weiwei† (outspoken artist), â€Å"Liu Xiaobo† (imprisoned Nobel laureate), and even â€Å"Egypt†, â€Å"Jon Huntsman† (the former American ambassador), and â€Å"Playboy† (the magazine), etc. are banned (McDonald, 2012). As a result, some people have invented some subversive lexicons to refer to the words prohibited such as using â€Å"grass-mud horse† to replace a four-letter word of obscenity, using â€Å"river crab† to replace â€Å"harmony† which is also banned because it was used to refer to websites deletion by the government, and using phrase â€Å"Buying soy sauce† to indicate someone who is involved in scandals like embezzlement and bribery. The phrase â€Å"Buying soy sauce† came from the mouth of a government official who was involved in a political scandal and wanted to show his innocence through the TV interview (McDonald, 2012). So if the government insists on such obvious and self-deceiving procedures, people would finally uncover the truth and thus lose trust in the government because many insightful people like who use VPN to â€Å"scale the wall (also a subversive word which means to browse foreign websites)† and have known some truth of some political issues or more people who are studying abroad where has no such internet-defending programs know the truth as well. Maybe this kind of methods worked before, but it would not work anymore as people are familiar and proficient in computer science. If the government stops their unacceptable programs right now, the status of the society will be much more stable, or the controversial would be more serious and finally trigger something unimaginable. Second, the Chinese government censors some websites which are considered vicious and unbeneficial to them, so they block websites just because they are not in government’s whitelist. In 2009, The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology posted new regulations on domain management institutions and internet services providers because them want to have a deeper control over domain name registration (Hornby and Le, 2009). The Chinese government explained this is beneficial for an on-going anti-pornography program by creating a list of so called â€Å"whitelist. † However, this policy did not mention the treatment of overseas websites. In fact, foreign sites that have not registered could also be blocked such as Google’s YouTube, Twitter, Flickr and Facebook. The reason is these sites are thought politically sensitive and containing unreasonable schemes by the Chinese government (Hornby and Le, 2009). However, as many web users who used VPN to get access to foreign websites have already known that the websites such as Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter are highly recognized in the U. S. Many popular stars like NBA players often update their newest progress in preparing for the play-off on Twitter, which is often referred to as a trustworthy resource by sports channels like ABC and ESPN. Also, YouTube is even a normal educational tool in some world-famous universities as its sources are updated frequently and carefully (Hornby and Le, 2009). Many of the videos like the videos on cultural diversities and new-born social phenomena etc. are authoritative. They are often in the forms of a real interview with famous experts in the places where the issues happened like the case of Trayvon Martin, people can find many videos on YouTube which are interviews hold by some sociologists. As a result, blocking websites that the Chinese government considered vicious is detrimental to people’s development in learning advanced thoughts and real educational resources from foreign countries some of which are recognized as much more better in high-level education than that of China. If the government continues to do things arbitrarily like this, people would lose trust in their government because they do have the ability to consider what kind of information is true and what kind of information is of plot. In conclusion, the Chinese government should stop their internet censorship because it really affects people’s common lives both in freedom of communication and education. The importance of relieve the inspection on internet is obvious and necessary. If the Chinese government moderates the censorship, people can obtain easier access to foreign resources. As people’s educational levels are higher and higher along with the rapidly-developing status of China’s economy, people are getting more insightful in absorbing more advanced technologies and methods. For instance, teachers can use foreign websites such as YouTube which has huge amount of authoritative resources in college education. Many people have realized that students in China’s colleges know little about realities about some big issues around the world and also have big obstacles in English skills which are not beneficial to students’ development. Also, if students get such progress in education, there will be more opportunities for them to get jobs abroad which can not only enhance Chinese people’s skills in international business but also relieve the pressure in competition for jobs. Finally, stopping the internet censorship helps the Chinese government to win people’s trust and is also educationally, economically beneficial to a large number of Chinese people. References: Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (n. d. ). Internet. Retrieved from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/internet Hornby L. and Le, Y. 2009, December 22). China to require internet domain name registration. Retrieved from http://www. reuters. com/article/2009/12/22/us-china-internet-idUSTRE5BL19620091222 McDonald, M. (2012, March 13). Watch your language! (in china, they really do). New York Times. Retrieved from http://rendezvous. blogs. nytimes. com/2012/03/13/watch-your-language-and-in-china-they-do/? ref=internetcensorship Rohde, D. (20 11, November 18). China’s newest export: Internet censorship. Retrieved from http://blogs. reuters. com/david-rohde/2011/11/17/chinas-newest-export-internet-censorship/ How to cite Should the Chinese Government Ban the Internet Censorship?, Essay examples

Journal Of Economic Dynamics And Control â€Myassignmenrthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Of Economic Dynamics And Control? Answer: Introduction By the term economy, the overall condition of a geographical area, in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services within a particular span of time, is meant, with the productive activities being measured mostly in monetary terms. The economy of a country is inherently supposed to be dynamic, with the dynamism being created by the interaction of the supply and demand forces and other crucial economic indicators, which in turn causes short term as well as long term fluctuations in the economy of the country (Mian and Sufi 2015). The mutual interactions of these economic indicators and their fluctuations, often leads to deviations from the economic equilibrium, thereby giving rise to abnormal situations in the economy which can be short spanned or continue to persist for long, depending upon the nature and magnitude of the fluctuation. One of the most significant of such situations is recession, which means an overall decline and stagnating of the productive and econom ic activities of a country for considerable period, thereby having considerable implications on the economy of the concerned country. The essay tries to discuss the occurrence of one such phenomenon, the Great Recession, which had its initiation in 2007-08, in the USA and left a long-term impression on the economy of the country as well as the global economy as a whole. The main objective of the essay is to find out and analyze the primary causes of this Great Recession of the USA and its impact on the economy, providing explanations of these causes, in terms of economic concepts (Giuliano and Spilimbergo 2013). Recession As discussed above, the temporary slowdown of an economy, in terms of its production activities, trade dynamics, industrial conditions and a lessened confidence of the people over the monetary and stock markets of the economy, can be termed as a recession. The slowing down of the overall economic growth of the country can be seen from the poor performances of the same in different economic indicators, especially Real GDP and Real GDP per-capita growth rates, which decline strikingly during that period (Gabisch and Lorenz 2013). An economy, by its inherent dynamic nature, undergoes continuous changes, the rough pattern of which can be explained with the help of the concept of the Business Cycle, which is discussed as follows: Figure 1: Business Cycle in an Economy (Source: As created by author) In a business cycle, there are four phases, namely expansion, peak, contracting time and trough, which occurs in succession. In the contractionary period, when the economy hits the lowest of the lows, it signals the occurrence of a recession, which graphically is signaled by a trough, as shown in the above figure. Recession, apart from reducing the GDP statistics, also reduces the employment generation, increases the unemployment and poverty issues, decreases the aggregate demand and supply of the country and thereby, cumulatively reduces the overall well being of the residents of the concerned economy. The cyclical nature of recession often creates a vicious cycle of suffering in the economy, by continually aggravating the negative performances of the economy, thereby leaving long term implications on the economic healthcare of the country, which takes a considerable amount of time to wither out (Sherman 2014). Causes of recession Among the various factors, which cause the advent of a recessionary situation in the economy, few of the most significant ones are elaborated in the following section: a) Fluctuations in interest rates- A faulty monetary and fiscal policy framework can lead to adverse fluctuations in the interest rate prevailing in an economy, thereby hampering the business and investment activities of the economy significantly, often leading to recession. b) Stock market shocks- The stock market being one of the backbones of the monetary framework of any economy, huge fluctuations in the stock market can lead to loss of confidence on part of the investors and can make them skeptic about the profitability of investing, thereby leading to a crash in the stock market. This may mark the beginning of recession in that concerned country (Ehrenberg and Smith 2016). c) Irregularities in residential and other asset markets- Housing increasingly becoming one of the primary arena of investment, a fall in prices of the residential assets, may also trigger a recession. With the fall in the prices, the market sees immense number of foreclosures, the problem becoming more severe in the high-developed regions, where residential investments form a significant share of the total investment activities. Apart from the above factors, there can be many other causes of recessionary pressure in the economy, which varies according to the nature of the economy and other endogenous characteristics of the country (Farmer 2012). The Great Recession: USA The United States of America is the one of the strongest global economies, for the last few decades and enjoys significant power and influence on the global economic scenario. The monetary and fiscal policies of the country not only have implications on the domestic economy itself, but also have the capacity to influence the health of the global economy. The economy of the USA, though is one of the most robust economies in the world, has experienced its share of fluctuations over time, the two most significant of them being the Great Depression of the 1930s and that of the Great Recession, the latter leading to a Global Economic Crisis. The latter approximately continued to persist in the global economy for the period 2007-2009, with the recovery starting from early 2010 (Rabie 2013). The advent of the recessionary conditions started in the economy of the USA, from the last quarter of the year 2007, as can be seen from the data of the National Bureau of Economic Research with the simultaneous occurrence of several striking phenomena in the investment and stock markets of the country. As seen from the data provided by them, there was a 51% contraction in the GDP of the country and huge negative repercussions on the overall employment and aggregate consumption expenditures of the economy, the overall condition of the country had similarity to that which prevailed at the time of the 1930s Great Depression (Rabie 2013). Figure 2: GDP Growth Rate of the USA (Data.worldbank.org, 2017) As can be seen from Figure 2, the GDP growth rate of the country plunged steeply to a high negative value, during that period, thereby providing evidences of the recessionary conditions of the country, which decreased the economic activities of the same drastically. The decrease in the overall productive activities of the country had immense implications on the employment scenario of the country. Figure 3: Employment Population Ratio: USA (1900-2016) (Source: Bls.gov, 2017) Figure 3 shows the drastic fall in the employment population ratio of the country during that period, the sheer magnitude of which had a long term effect on the overall economy of the country as the ratio of the country since then had not still now came up to match the pre-recession levels. There was a loss of almost 7.5 million jobs in the country itself, which had tremendous repercussions in the economy as a whole (Enelow 2016). Figure 4: Changes in Personal Consumption Expenses in the USA (Source: Bls.gov, 2017) The shocking decrease in the employment numbers had direct implication on the aggregate demand statistics of the country, which can be seen from the decline in the personal consumption expenditures of the country during that period. The fall in the aggregate demand in its turn reduced the supply side activities of the country significantly thereby, increasing the recessionary pressure and marking the initiation of the Great Recession in the economy and the Global Financial Crisis in the global economic scene (Fairlie 2013). Great Recession: Causes The Great Recession, which started in the economy of the USA, in 2007 and had immense implications on the economic health of the country as well as on the global economy, effecting almost all the leading countries adversely and creating a huge financial crisis all over the world. The causes of this phenomenon had always been an issue of huge debates among the economists and policy-makers of the world. However, almost all the economists unanimously agree on the contribution of several key factors to the initiation of the recession. These factors are discussed below: Bursting of Housing Sector Bubble One of the primary and probably the most important reasons for the occurrence of the Great Recession in the USA was the bursting of the huge bubble in the residential investment sector of the country. Post Great Depression (1930s), the economy of the USA had recovered and started prospering impressively, soon acquiring the position of the global leader in an overall framework. The huge increase in the GDP as well as the population of the country gave rise to a booming housing sector with a continually increasing demand for housings. The housings were no more just facilities for accommodation, but with continuous increase in their value, they were also treated as an alternative form of asset building for the households. The prevailing notion regarding the stability in the price increase, attracted both commercial investors as well as households to venture in the residential market, during this time (Jagannathan, Kapoor and Schaumburg 2013). The interest rates prevailing in the economy, were also low and were to some extent deliberately kept at low levels to facilitate the inflow of investments in all the market, including the residential market. The banks and financial organizations, including the insurance companies started venturing in this market, facilitating easy borrowing of money for the investors and households, to invest in the residential sector. The lucrative mortgage facilities, very low initial down payments and interest-only loan structures introduced by them, induced the households to buy those housing assets, which were otherwise unaffordable by them. A section of entrepreneurs started buying these housings and selling them at even higher prices, thereby prospering immensely. All of these, cumulatively contributed in creating the housing market bubble, which much to the shock of the speculators and investors, did burst in due course of time (Jagannathan, Kapoor and Schaumburg 2013). Figure 5: The creation and bursting of the housing market bubble in the USA (Tradingeconomics.com, 2017) The bubble burst occurred with a sudden drastic fall in the prices of the housing market of the country, after which the prices went on seeing a continuous decline. This fall in the prices, led to the loss of confidence of both the households and the investors from the housing market and its future profitability, which in turn led to a huge foreclosure in the residential market with a lot of its potential and existing investors withdrawing from the market. The commercial banks and the insurance companies were the worst hit with the bailing out of nearly 700 billion USD from the residential market. Stock Market Crash The housing sector bubble burst had a direct relation with the astonishing crash in the stock market of the country, which led to immense negative implications on the monetary health of the country. This led to bankruptcy of many prominent investment banks and financial institutions of the country, thereby making the scenario even worse for the country and for the global investment statistics (Farmer 2012). Figure 6: Fall in the Net Worth of Household (Imf.org, 2017) The household market lost nearly 16 trillions of dollars, which affected the stock market massively. The bankruptcy of the Lehman Brothers The largest bankruptcy in the history of the economy of the USA happened during this period (2008), with the filing of bankruptcy of the Lehman Brothers, one of the largest investment banks in the country, with a significant global business. The bank participated in the housing bubble hugely, by creating mortgage originations. The bursting of the housing bubble immediately affected the bank so adversely that the company with over $600 billion asset holding, had to file for bankruptcy, thereby decreasing the Dow Jones by 500 points and significantly affecting the global stock market (Hansen 2015). Dumping from China The activity of exporting a good or service by a company or country to some other country at a price lower than that is prevailing in the domestic market of the importing country is known as dumping and this activity has severe significance on the international trade. The Great Recession, which occurred in the USA, also had as one of the causing factors, the dumping activities of another global economic giant, China, who at that point of time was experiencing economies of scale in its industrial sector. The overall slowdown of the supply side dynamics coupled with the dumping activities of China, had a huge adverse effect on the productive activities of the economy of the USA (Mler 2013). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that one of the greatest economic disasters, which occurred in the economy of the USA and had severe implications in the global economy was the Great Recession of 2007-2008, which was coupled with the Global Financial Crisis, affecting almost all the prominent economies in the world. The primary reason for the occurrence of this recession being the burst of the bubble created in the housing market, there were other factors affecting the economy too. The huge stock market crash, bankruptcy of big investment banks like the Lehman Brothers and the dumping activities of other leading economies like China also had implications on the supply side dynamics of the USA, thereby aggravating the recessionary pressure. References Bls.gov (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cps_charts.pdf [Accessed 7 Sep. 2017]. Data.worldbank.org (2017).GDP (current US$) | Data. [online] Data.worldbank.org. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD [Accessed 16 Sep. 2017]. Ehrenberg, R.G. and Smith, R.S., 2016.Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy. Routledge. Enelow, S., 2016. THE GREAT RECESSION.Film Comment,52(5), p.56. Fairlie, R.W., 2013. Entrepreneurship, economic conditions, and the great recession.Journal of Economics Management Strategy,22(2), pp.207-231. Farmer, R.E., 2012. The stock marketing crash of 2008 caused the Great Recession: Theory and evidence.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,36(5), pp.693-707. Farmer, R.E., 2012. The stock market crash of 2008 caused the Great Recession: Theory and evidence.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,36(5), pp.693-707. Gabisch, G. and Lorenz, H.W., 2013.Business cycle theory: a survey of methods and concepts. Springer Science Business Media. Giuliano, P. and Spilimbergo, A., 2013. Growing up in a Recession.Review of Economic Studies,81(2), pp.787-817. Hansen, P.H., 2015. Hall of mirrors: the great depression, the great recession, and the usesand Misusesof History.Business History Review,89(3), pp.557-569. Imf.org (2017).IMF Data. [online] IMF. Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Data [Accessed 16 Sep. 2017]. Jagannathan, R., Kapoor, M. and Schaumburg, E., 2013. Causes of the great recession of 20072009: The financial crisis was the symptom not the disease!.Journal of Financial Intermediation,22(1), pp.4-29. Mler, K.G., 2013.Environmental economics: a theoretical inquiry(Vol. 7). Routledge. Mian, A. and Sufi, A., 2015.House of debt: How they (and you) caused the Great Recession, and how we can prevent it from happening again. University of Chicago Press. Rabie, M., 2013. The Great Recession. InSaving Capitalism and Democracy(pp. 103-115). Palgrave Macmillan US. Rabie, M., 2013. The Great Recession. InSaving Capitalism and Democracy(pp. 103-115). Palgrave Macmillan US. Sherman, H.J., 2014.The business cycle: growth and crisis under capitalism. Princeton University Press. Tradingeconomics.com (2017).United States GDP Growth Rate | 1947-2017 | Data | Chart | Calendar. [online] Tradingeconomics.com. Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/gdp-growth [Accessed 16 Sep. 2017].